Консенсус керівних настанов з клінічної практики ISPAD 2018 р. Розділ 3. Цукровий діабет 2 типу у молодих осіб

Mayer-Davis EJ, Lawrence JM, Dabelea D, et al. Incidence trends oftype 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths, 2002-2012. N Engl J Med.2017;376(15):1419-1429.

Nadeau KJ, Anderson BJ, Berg EG, et al. Youth-onset type 2 diabetesconsensus report: current status, challenges, and priorities. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(9):1635-1642.

Duncan GE. Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucoselevels among US adolescents: National Health and nutrition examination survey, 1999-2002. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160(5):523-528.

Pinhas-Hamiel O, Zeitler P. The global spread of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2005;146(5):693-700.

Kitagawa T, Owada M, Urakami T, Yamauchi K. Increased incidenceof non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus among Japanese schoolchildren correlates with an increased intake of animal protein and fat.Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1998;37(2):111-115.

Ehtisham S, Hattersley AT, Dunger DB, Barrett TG, British Societyfor Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinical Trials Group. First UK survey of paediatric type 2 diabetes and MODY. Arch Dis Child.2004;89(6):526-529.

Wei JN, Sung FC, Li CY, et al. Low birth weight and high birth weightinfants are both at an increased risk to have type 2 diabetes among schoolchildren in Taiwan. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(2):343-348.

Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Satyavani K, Sivasankari S, Vijay V.Type 2 diabetes in Asian-Indian urban children. Diabetes Care. 2003; 26(4):1022-1025.

Eppens MC, Craig ME, Jones TW, et al. Type 2 diabetes in youthfrom the Western Pacific region: glycaemic control, diabetes care and complications. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22(5):1013-1020.

Sugihara S, Sasaki N, Kohno H, et al. Survey of current medical treatments for childhood-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japan. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol. 2005;14(2):65-75.

Fu JF, Liang L, Gong CX, et al. Status and trends of diabetes in Chinese children: analysis of data from 14 medical centers. World J Pediatr. 2013;9(2):127-134.

Ye Q, Fu JF. Paediatric type 2 diabetes in China-Pandemic, progression, and potential solutions. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19(1):27-35.

Zeitler P, Fu J, Tandon N, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice ConsensusGuidelines 2014. Type 2 diabetes in the child and adolescent. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014;15(suppl 20):26-46.

Druet C, Tubiana-Rufi N, Chevenne D, Rigal O, Polak M, Levy-Marchal C. Characterization of insulin secretion and resistance in type 2 diabetes of adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006; 91(2):401-404.

Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837-853.

Gungor N, Bacha F, Saad R, Janosky J, Arslanian S. Youth type 2 diabetes: insulin resistance, beta-cell failure, or both? Diabetes Care.2005;28(3):638-644.

TODAY Study Group, Zeitler P, Hirst K, et al. A clinical trial to maintain glycemic control in youth with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med.2012;366(24):2247-2256.

TODAY Study Group. Rapid rise in hypertension and nephropathy inyouth with type 2 diabetes: the TODAY clinical trial. Diabetes Care.2013;36(6):1735-1741.

TODAY Study Group. Effects of metformin, metformin plus rosiglitazone, and metformin plus lifestyle on insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in TODAY. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(6):1749-1757.

Bacha F, Gungor N, Lee S, Arslanian SA. Progressive deterioration ofbeta-cell function in obese youth with type 2 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2013;14(2):106-111.

Gandica R, Zeitler P. Update on youth-onset type 2 diabetes: lessonslearned from the treatment options for type 2 diabetes in adolescents and youth clinical trial. Adv Pediatr. 2016;63(1):195-209.

Dabelea D, Stafford JM, Mayer-Davis EJ, et al. Association of type1 diabetes vs type 2 diabetes diagnosed during childhood and adolescence with complications during teenage years and young adulthood. JAMA. 2017;317(8):825-835.

Dyck RF, Jiang Y, Osgood ND. The long-term risks of end stage renaldisease and mortality among first nations and non-first nations people with youth-onset diabetes. Can J Diabetes. 2014;38(4):237-243.

Constantino MI, Molyneaux L, Limacher-Gisler F, et al. Long-termcomplications and mortality in young-onset diabetes: type 2 diabetes is more hazardous and lethal than type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care.2013;36(12):3863-3869.

American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care.2018;41(suppl 1):S13-S27.

Copeland KC, Zeitler P, Geffner M, et al. Characteristics of adolescents and youth with recent-onset type 2 diabetes: the TODAY cohort at baseline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(1):159-167.

Libman IM, Barinas-Mitchell E, Bartucci A, Robertson R, Arslanian S.Reproducibility of the oral glucose tolerance test in overweight children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(11):4231-4237.

Kapadia C, Zeitler P, Drugs and Therapeutics Committee of the Pediatric Endocrine Society. Hemoglobin A1c measurement for the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in children. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol. 2012; 2012(1):31.

Chan CL, Pyle L, Newnes L, Nadeau KJ, Zeitler PS, Kelsey MM. Continuous glucose monitoring and its relationship to hemoglobin A1c and oral glucose tolerance testing in obese and prediabetic youth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(3):902-910.

Love-Osborne KA, Sheeder J, Svircev A, Chan C, Zeitler P, Nadeau KJ. Use of glycosylated hemoglobin increases diabetes screening for at-risk adolescents in primary care settings. Pediatr Diabetes. 2013;14(7):512-518.

Bergenstal RM, Gal RL, Connor CG, et al. Racial differences in therelationship of glucose concentrations and hemoglobin A1c levels. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167(2):95-102.

Diabetes Research in Children Network Study Group, Wilson DM,Kollman. Relationship of A1C to glucose concentrations in children with type 1 diabetes: assessments by high-frequency glucose determinations by sensors. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(3):381-385.

Bottazzo GF, Bosi E, Cull CA, et al. IA-2 antibody prevalence and riskassessment of early insulin requirement in subjects presenting with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 71). Diabetologia. 2005;48(4):703-708.

Turner R, Stratton I, Horton V, et al. UKPDS 25: autoantibodies toislet-cell cytoplasm and glutamic acid decarboxylase for prediction of insulin requirement in type 2 diabetes. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Lancet. 1997;350(9087):1288-1293.

Umpaichitra V, Banerji MA, Castells S. Autoantibodies in childrenwith type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002;15 (suppl 1):525-530.

Reinehr T, Schober E, Wiegand S, Thon A, Holl R, DP-Wiss StudyGroup. Beta-cell autoantibodies in children with type 2 diabetes mellitus: subgroup or misclassification? Arch Dis Child. 2006;91(6): 473-477.

Klingensmith GJ, Pyle L, Arslanian S, et al. The presence of GAD andIA-2 antibodies in youth with a type 2 diabetes phenotype: results from the TODAY study. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(9):1970-1975.

Laffel L, Chang N, Grey M, et al. Metformin monotherapy in youthwith recent onset type 2 diabetes: experience from the prerandomization run-in phase of the TODAY study. Pediatr Diabetes. 2012; 13(5):369-375.

Kelsey MM, Geffner ME, Guandalini C, et al. Presentation and effectiveness of early treatment of type 2 diabetes in youth: lessons from the TODAY study. Pediatr Diabetes. 2016;17(3):212-221.

Writing Group for the SfDiYSG, Dabelea D, Bell RA, et al. Incidenceof diabetes in youth in the United States. JAMA. 2007;297(24): 2716-2724.

Pinhas-Hamiel O, Standiford D, Hamiel D, Dolan LM, Cohen R,Zeitler PS. The type 2 family: a setting for development and treatment of adolescent type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153(10):1063-1067.

Chan JC, Cheung CK, Swaminathan R, Nicholls MG, Cockram CS.Obesity, albuminuria and hypertension among Hong Kong Chinese with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Postgrad Med J. 1993;69(809):204-210.

Haynes A, Kalic R, Cooper M, Hewitt JK, Davis EA. Increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes in Indigenous and non-indigenous children in Western Australia, 1990-2012. Med J Aust. 2016;204(8):303.

Schober E, Holl RW, Grabert M, et al. Diabetes mellitus type 2 inchildhood and adolescence in Germany and parts of Austria. Eur J Pediatr. 2005;164(11):705-707.

Schober E, Rami B, Grabert M, et al. Phenotypical aspects of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY diabetes) in comparison with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in children and adolescents: experience from a large multicentre database. Diabet Med.2009;26(5):466-473.

Urakami T, Kuwabara R, Habu M, et al. Clinical characteristics ofnon-obese children with type 2 diabetes mellitus without involvement of beta-cell autoimmunity. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;99(2):105-111.

Rosenbloom AL. Obesity, insulin resistance, beta-cell autoimmunity,and the changing clinical epidemiology of childhood diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(10):2954-2956.

Dabelea D, Rewers A, Stafford JM, et al. Trends in the prevalence ofketoacidosis at diabetes diagnosis: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Pediatrics. 2014;133(4):e938-e945.

Zeitler P, Haqq A, Rosenbloom A, Glaser N, Drugs and TherapeuticsCommittee of the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society. Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome in children: pathophysiological considerations and suggested guidelines for treatment. J Pediatr.

;158(1):9-14.e2.

Tfayli H, Bacha F, Gungor N, Arslanian S. Phenotypic type 2 diabetesin obese youth: insulin sensitivity and secretion in islet cell antibody-negative versus -positive patients. Diabetes. 2009;58(3):738-744.

Tfayli H, Bacha F, Gungor N, Arslanian S. Islet cell antibody-positiveversus -negative phenotypic type 2 diabetes in youth: does the oral glucose tolerance test distinguish between the two? Diabetes Care.2010;33(3):632-638.

Rivera-Vega MY, Flint A, Winger DG, Libman I, Arslanian S. Obesityand youth diabetes: distinguishing characteristics between islet cell antibody positive vs. negative patients over time. Pediatr Diabetes.2015;16(5):375-381.

Writing Team for the Diabetes C, Complications Trial/Epidemiologyof Diabetes I, Complications Research Group. Sustained effect of intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus on development and progression of diabetic nephropathy: the epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications (EDIC) study. JAMA. 2003;290(16):2159-2167.

Nadeau KJ, Regensteiner JG, Bauer TA, et al. Insulin resistance inadolescents with type 1 diabetes and its relationship to cardiovascular function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(2):513-521.

Nadeau KJ, Zeitler PS, Bauer TA, et al. Insulin resistance in adolescents with type 2 diabetes is associated with impaired exercise capacity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(10):3687-3695.

Rubio-Cabezas O, Hattersley AT, Njolstad PR, et al. ISPAD clinicalpractice consensus guidelines 2014. The diagnosis and management of monogenic diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes.2014;15(suppl 20):47-64.

Dabelea D, Pihoker C, Talton JW, et al. Etiological approach to characterization of diabetes type: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(7):1628-1633.

Cali’ AMG, Bonadonna RC, Trombetta M, Weiss R, Caprio S. Metabolic abnormalities underlying the different prediabetic phenotypes in obese adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(5):

-1773.

Bacha F, Lee S, Gungor N, Arslanian SA. From pre-diabetes to type2 diabetes in obese youth: pathophysiological characteristics along the spectrum of glucose dysregulation. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(10):2225-2231.

Burns SF, Bacha F, Lee SJ, Tfayli H, Gungor N, Arslanian SA. Declining beta-cell function relative to insulin sensitivity with escalating OGTT 2-h glucose concentrations in the nondiabetic through the diabetic range in overweight youth. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(9):2033-2040.

Tfayli H, Lee S, Arslanian S. Declining beta-cell function relative toinsulin sensitivity with increasing fasting glucose levels in the nondiabetic range in children. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(9):2024-2030.

Reinehr T, Wolters B, Knop C, Lass N, Holl RW. Strong effect ofpubertal status on metabolic health in obese children: a longitudinal study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(1):301-308.

Weiss R, Taksali SE, Tamborlane WV, Burgert TS, Savoye M, Caprio S. Predictors of changes in glucose tolerance status in obese youth. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(4):902-909.

Kleber M, deSousa G, Papcke S, Wabitsch M, Reinehr T. Impairedglucose tolerance in obese white children and adolescents: three tofive year follow-up in untreated patients. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes.2011;119(3):172-176.

Kleber M, Lass N, Papcke S, Wabitsch M, Reinehr T, et al. One-yearfollow-up of untreated obese white children and adolescents with impaired glucose tolerance: high conversion rate to normal glucose tolerance1. Diabet Med. 2010;27(5):516-521.

Love-Osborne KA, Sheeder JL, Nadeau KJ, Zeitler P. Longitudinal follow up of dysglycemia in overweight and obese pediatric patients.Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19(2):199-204.

Khokhar A, Umpaichitra V, Chin VL, Perez-Colon S. Metformin use inchildren and adolescents with prediabetes. Pediatr Clin North Am.2017;64(6):1341-1353.

Lindsay RS, Hanson RL, Bennett PH, Knowler WC. Secular trends inbirth weight, BMI, and diabetes in the offspring of diabetic mothers.Diabetes Care. 2000;23(9):1249-1254.

Dabelea D, Mayer-Davis EJ, Lamichhane AP, et al. Association ofintrauterine exposure to maternal diabetes and obesity with type 2 diabetes in youth: the SEARCH Case-Control Study. Diabetes Care.

;31(7):1422-1426.

Dart AB, Martens PJ, Rigatto C, Brownell MD, Dean HJ, Sellers EA.Earlier onset of complications in youth with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(2):436-443.

TODAY Study Group. Retinopathy in youth with type 2 diabetes participating in the TODAY clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(6):1772-1774.

TODAY Study Group. Lipid and inflammatory cardiovascular riskworsens over 3 years in youth with type 2 diabetes: the TODAY clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(6):1758-1764.

Marcus MD, Wilfley DE, El Ghormli L, et al. Weight change in themanagement of youth-onset type 2 diabetes: the TODAY clinical trial experience. Pediatr Obes. 2017;12(4):337-345.

Berkowitz RI, Marcus MD, Anderson BJ, et al. Adherence to a lifestyle program for youth with type 2 diabetes and its association with treatment outcome in the TODAY clinical trial. Pediatr Diabetes.

;19(2):191-198.

Reinehr T, Schober E, Roth CL, Wiegand S, Holl R. Type 2 diabetes inchildren and adolescents in a 2-year follow-up: insufficient adherence to diabetes centers. Horm Res. 2008;69(2):107-113.

Smart CE, Annan F, Bruno LP, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2014. Nutritional management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014;15(suppl 20):135-153.

Cameron FJ, Amin R, de Beaufort C, et al. ISPAD Clinical PracticeConsensus Guidelines 2014. Diabetes in adolescence. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014;15(suppl 20):245-256.

Copeland KC, Silverstein J, Moore KR, et al. Management of newlydiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2013;131(2):364-382.

Barlow SE, Expert C. Expert committee recommendations regardingthe prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics. 2007;120(suppl 4):S164-S192.

Fitch C, Keim KS, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Position ofthe Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: use of nutritive and nonnutritive sweeteners. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112(5):739-758.

American Diabetes Association. 4. Lifestyle management: standardsof medical care in diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(suppl 1):S38-S50.

Dhuper S, Buddhe S, Patel S. Managing cardiovascular risk in overweight children and adolescents. Paediatr Drugs. 2013;15(3):181-190.

Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOSguideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society.Circulation. 2014;129(25 suppl 2):S102-S138.

Chahal H, Fung C, Kuhle S, Veugelers PJ. Availability and night-timeuse of electronic entertainment and communication devices are associated with short sleep duration and obesity among Canadian children. Pediatr Obes. 2013;8(1):42-51.

Lane A, Harrison M, Murphy N. Screen time increases risk of overweight and obesity in active and inactive 9-year-old Irish children: a cross sectional analysis. J Phys Act Health. 2014;11(5):985-991.

Ash T, Taveras EM. Associations of short sleep duration with childhood obesity and weight gain: summary of a presentation to the National Academy of Science’s Roundtable on Obesity Solutions.

Sleep Health. 2017;3(5):389-392.

Robinson TN. Reducing children’s television viewing to prevent obesity: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999;282(16):1561-1567.

Mays D, Streisand R, Walker LR, Prokhorov AV, Tercyak KP. Cigarette smoking among adolescents with type 1 diabetes: strategies for behavioral prevention and intervention. J Diabetes Complications.

;26(2):148-153.

American Diabetes Association. 12. Children and adolescents: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(suppl 1):S126-S136.

Zeitler P, Hirst K, Copeland KC, et al. HbA1c after a short period ofmonotherapy with metformin identifies durable glycemic control among adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(12):2285-2292.

American Diabetes Association. 8. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(suppl 1):S73-S85.

Legro RS, Arslanian SA, Ehrmann DA, et al. Diagnosis and treatmentof polycystic ovary syndrome: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(12):4565-4592.

TODAY Study Group. Safety and tolerability of the treatment ofyouth-onset type 2 diabetes: the TODAY experience. Diabetes Care.2013;36(6):1765-1771.

Lincoff AM, Wolski K, Nicholls SJ, Nissen SE. Pioglitazone and risk ofcardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2007;298(10):1180-1188.

Gottschalk M, Danne T, Vlajnic A, Cara JF. Glimepiride versus metformin as monotherapy in pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, single-blind comparative study. Diabetes Care. 2007; 30(4):790-794.

Kahn SE, Haffner SM, Heise MA, et al. Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355(23):2427-2443.

Singh S, Loke YK, Furberg CD. Long-term risk of cardiovascularevents with rosiglitazone: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007;298(10):1189-1195.

Tuccori M, Filion KB, Yin H, Yu OH, Platt RW, Azoulay L. Pioglitazone use and risk of bladder cancer: population based cohort study.BMJ. 2016;352:i1541.

Yang W, Liu J, Shan Z, et al. Acarbose compared with metformin asinitial therapy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: an open-label, non-inferiority randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(1):46-55.

Mann JFE, Orsted DD, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and renaloutcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(9):839-848.

Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):311-322.

Klein DJ, Battelino T, Chatterjee DJ, et al. Liraglutide’s safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics in pediatric type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2014;16(10):679-687.

Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascularoutcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373(22):2117-2128.

Cherney DZI, Zinman B, Inzucchi SE, et al. Effects of empagliflozinon the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease: an exploratory analysis from the EMPA-REG OUTCOME randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(8):610-621.

Mahaffey KW, Neal B, Perkovic V, et al. Canagliflozin for primaryand secondary prevention of cardiovascular events: results from the CANVAS program (Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study).Circulation. 2018;137(4):323-334.

Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(7):644-657.

Nicolle LE, Capuano G, Fung A, Usiskin K. Urinary tract infection inrandomized phase III studies of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor. Postgrad Med. 2014;126(1):7-17.

Tanaka A, Node K. Increased amputation risk with canagliflozin treatment: behind the large cardiovascular benefit? Cardiovasc Diabetol.2017;16(1):129.

Shoukat S, Usmani NA, Soetan O, Qureshi F. Euglycemic diabeticketoacidosis accompanied by severe hypophosphatemia during recovery in a patient with type 2 diabetes being treated with Canagliflozin/metformin combination therapy. Clin Diabetes. 2017;35(4):249-251.

Inge TH, Jenkins TM, Xanthakos SA, et al. Long-term outcomes ofbariatric surgery in adolescents with severe obesity (FABS-5+): a prospective follow-up analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(3):165-173.

Stefater MA, Inge TH. Bariatric surgery for adolescents with type2 diabetes: an emerging therapeutic strategy. Curr Diab Rep. 2017; 17(8):62.

Ibanez L, Potau N, Marcos MV, de Zegher F. Exaggerated adrenarcheand hyperinsulinism in adolescent girls born small for gestational age.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(12):4739-4741.

Dabelea D, Crume T. Maternal environment and the transgenerational cycle of obesity and diabetes. Diabetes. 2011;60(7):1849-1855.

Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High BloodCholesterol in Adults. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III). JAMA. 2001;285(19):2486-2497.

Ford ES, Li C. Defining the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: will the real definition please stand up? J Pediatr. 2008; 152(2):160-4.e13.

Reinehr T. Metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: a criticalapproach considering the interaction between pubertal stage and insulin resistance. Curr Diab Rep. 2016;16(1):8.

Reinehr T, Wunsch R, Putter C, Scherag A. Relationship betweencarotid intima-media thickness and metabolic syndrome in adolescents. J Pediatr. 2013;163(2):327-32.e4.

Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Kaufman F, et al. The metabolic syndrome inchildren and adolescents – an IDF consensus report. Pediatr Diabetes.2007;8(5):299-306.

Laurson KR, Welk GJ, Eisenmann JC. Diagnostic performance of BMIpercentiles to identify adolescents with metabolic syndrome. Pediatrics. 2014;133(2):e330-e338.

Chinese Work Group of Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome. Prevalenceof metabolic syndrome of children and adolescent students in Chinese six cities. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2013;51(6):409-413.

Tandon N, Garg MK, Singh Y, Marwaha RK. Prevalence of metabolicsyndrome among urban Indian adolescents and its relation with insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2013; 26(11–12):1123-1130.

Amutha A, Anjana RM, Venkatesan U, et al. Incidence of complications in young-onset diabetes: comparing type 2 with type 1 (the young diab study). Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;123:1-8.

Donaghue KC, Wadwa RP, Dimeglio LA, et al. ISPAD Clinical PracticeConsensus Guidelines 2014. Microvascular and macrovascular complications in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014;15 (suppl 20):257-269.

Kordonouri O, Klingensmith G, Knip M, et al. ISPAD Clinical PracticeConsensus Guidelines 2014. Other complications and diabetes-associated conditions in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014;15(suppl 20):270-278.

Freedman DS, Khan LK, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS.Relationship of childhood obesity to coronary heart disease risk factors in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics. 2001;108(3):712-718.

Berenson GS, Srnivasan SR, Bogalusa Heart Study Group. Cardiovascular risk factors in youth with implications for aging: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Neurobiol Aging. 2005;26(3):303-307.

Juonala M, Jarvisalo MJ, Maki-Torkko N, Kahonen M, Viikari JS,Raitakari OT. Risk factors identified in childhood and decreased carotid artery elasticity in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Circulation. 2005;112(10):1486-1493.

Marcus MD, Foster GD, El Ghormli L, et al. Shifts in BMI categoryand associated cardiometabolic risk: prospective results from HEALTHY study. Pediatrics. 2012;129(4):e983-e991.

Styne DM, Arslanian SA, Connor EL, et al. Pediatric obesity-assessment, treatment, and prevention: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(3): 709-757.

Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health andRisk Reduction in Children and Adolescents, National Heart, Lungs, and Blood Institute. Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report. Pediatrics. 2011;128(suppl 5):S213-S256.

UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure controland risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ. 1998;317(7160):703-713.

Eppens MC, Craig ME, Cusumano J, et al. Prevalence of diabetescomplications in adolescents with type 2 compared with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(6):1300-1306.

West NA, Hamman RF, Mayer-Davis EJ, et al. Cardiovascular riskfactors among youth with and without type 2 diabetes: differences and possible mechanisms. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(1):175-180.

Batisky DL. What is the optimal first-line agent in children requiringantihypertensive medication? Curr Hypertens Rep. 2012;14(6): 603-607.

Blowey DL. Update on the pharmacologic treatment of hypertensionin pediatrics. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14(6):383-387.

American Diabetes Association. 9. Cardiovascular disease and riskmanagement: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(suppl 1):S86-S104.

Ettinger LM, Freeman K, DiMartino-Nardi JR, Flynn JT. Microalbuminuria and abnormal ambulatory blood pressure in adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr. 2005;147(1):67-73.

McGrath NM, Parker GN, Dawson P. Early presentation of type 2 diabetes mellitus in young New Zealand Maori. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1999;43(3):205-209.

Sellers EAC, Yung G, Dean HJ. Dyslipidemia and other cardiovascularrisk factors in a Canadian First Nation pediatric population with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007;8(6):384-390.

Dart AB, Sellers EA, Martens PJ, Rigatto C, Brownell MD, Dean HJ.High burden of kidney disease in youth-onset type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(6):1265-1271.

Yokoyama H, Okudaira M, Otani T, et al. Higher incidence of diabeticnephropathy in type 2 than in type 1 diabetes in early-onset diabetes in Japan. Kidney Int. 2000;58(1):302-311.

Rodriguez BL, Fujimoto WY, Mayer-Davis EJ, et al. Prevalence ofcardiovascular disease risk factors in U.S. children and adolescents with diabetes: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(8):1891-1896.

Huang K, Zou CC, Yang XZ, Chen XQ, Liang L. Carotid intima-mediathickness and serum endothelial marker levels in obese children with metabolic syndrome. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164(9): 846-851.

Nadeau KJ, Maahs DM, Daniels SR, Eckel RH. Childhood obesity andcardiovascular disease: links and prevention strategies. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011;8(9):513-525.

Levitt Katz L, Gidding SS, Bacha F, et al. Alterations in left ventricular, left atrial, and right ventricular structure and function to cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with type 2 diabetes participating in the TODAY clinical trial. Pediatr Diabetes. 2015;16(1):39-47.

Flint A, Arslanian S. Treatment of type 2 diabetes in youth. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(suppl 2):S177-S183.

Wadwa RP, Urbina EM, Anderson AM, et al. Measures of arterialstiffness in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(4):881-886.

Lewy VD, Danadian K, Witchel SF, Arslanian S. Early metabolicabnormalities in adolescent girls with polycystic ovarian syndrome. J Pediatr. 2001;138(1):38-44.

Amini M, Horri N, Farmani M, et al. Prevalence of polycystic ovarysyndrome in reproductive-aged women with type 2 diabetes. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2008;24(8):423-427.

Shafiee MN, Khan G, Ariffin R, et al. Preventing endometrial cancerrisk in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) women: could metformin help? Gynecol Oncol. 2014;132(1):248-253.

Nadeau KJ, Klingensmith G, Zeitler P. Type 2 diabetes in children isfrequently associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;41(1):94-98.

Newton KP, Hou J, Crimmins NA, et al. Prevalence of prediabetesand type 2 diabetes in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170(10):e161971.

Roberts EA. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children.Front Biosci. 2005;10:2306-2318.

Hudson OD, Nunez M, Shaibi GQ. Ethnicity and elevated liver transaminases among newly diagnosed children with type 2 diabetes.BMC Pediatr. 2012;12:174.

Sundaram SS, Zeitler P, Nadeau K. The metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009;21(4):529-535.

Zhang HX, Fu JF, Huang K, Lai C, Liang L, Jiang KW. Quantitativeassessment of intrahepatic fat content in children and adolescents with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2012;14(8):598-603.

Angulo P, Keach JC, Batts KP, Lindor KD. Independent predictors ofliver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 1999;30(6):1356-1362.

Reinehr T, Schmidt C, Toschke AM, Andler W. Lifestyle interventionin obese children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: 2-year follow-up study. Arch Dis Child. 2009;94(6):437-442.

Rice TB, Foster GD, Sanders MH, et al. The relationship betweenobstructive sleep apnea and self-reported stroke or coronary heart disease in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Sleep. 2012;35(9):1293-1298.

Foster GD, Sanders MH, Millman R, et al. Obstructive sleep apneaamong obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009; 32(6):1017-1019.

Shaw JE, Punjabi NM, Wilding JP, Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ, International Diabetes Federation Taskforce on Epidemiology and Prevention. Sleep-disordered breathing and type 2 diabetes: a report from the International Diabetes Federation Taskforce on Epidemiology and Prevention. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;81(1):2-12.

Walders-Abramson N. Depression and quality of life in youth-onsettype 2 diabetes mellitus. Curr Diab Rep. 2014;14(1):449.

Pervanidou P, Chrousos GP. Metabolic consequences of stress during childhood and adolescence. Metabolism. 2012;61(5):611-619.

Anderson BJ, Edelstein S, Abramson NW, et al. Depressive symptoms and quality of life in adolescents with type 2 diabetes: baseline data from the TODAY study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(10):2205-2207.

Lawrence JM, Standiford DA, Loots B, et al. Prevalence and correlates of depressed mood among youth with diabetes: the SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Pediatrics. 2006;117(4):1348-1358.

Walders-Abramson N, Venditti EM, Ievers-Landis CE, et al. Relationships among stressful life events and physiological markers, treatment adherence, and psychosocial functioning among youth with type 2 diabetes. J Pediatr. 2014;165(3):504-8 e1.

Browne JL, Nefs G, Pouwer F, Speight J. Depression, anxiety andself-care behaviours of young adults with type 2 diabetes: results from the International Diabetes Management and Impact for Long-term Empowerment and Success (MILES) Study. Diabet Med.2015;32(1):133-140.

Pinhas-Hamiel O, Levy-Shraga Y. Eating disorders in adolescentswith type 2 and type 1 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2013;13(2):289-297.

TODAY Study Group, Wilfley D, Berkowitz R, et al. Binge eating,mood, and quality of life in youth with type 2 diabetes: baseline data from the today study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(4):858-860.

Weinstock RS, Trief PM, El Ghormli L, et al. Parental characteristicsassociated with outcomes in youth with type 2 diabetes: results from the TODAY clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(5):784-792.

Rhodes ET, Prosser LA, Hoerger TJ, Lieu T, Ludwig DS, Laffel LM.Estimated morbidity and mortality in adolescents and young adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2012;29(4): 453-463.

Hillier TA, Pedula KL. Complications in young adults with early-onsettype 2 diabetes: losing the relative protection of youth. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(11):2999-3005.

Wong J, Molyneaux L, Constantino M, Twigg SM, Yue DK. Timing iseverything: age of onset influences long-term retinopathy risk in type 2 diabetes, independent of traditional risk factors. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(10):1985-1990.

Al-Saeed AH, Constantino MI, Molyneaux L, et al. An inverse relationship between age of type 2 diabetes onset and complication risk and mortality: the impact of youth-onset type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(5):823-829.

Sackett DL, Holland WW. Controversy in the detection of disease.Lancet. 1975;2(7930):357-359.

Baranowski T, Cooper DM, Harrell J, et al. Presence of diabetes risk factorsin a large U.S. eighth-grade cohort. Diabetes Care. 2006;29(2):212-217.

Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. American DiabetesAssociation. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(3):381-389.

Urakami T, Kubota S, Nitadori Y, Harada K, Owada M, Kitagawa T.Annual incidence and clinical characteristics of type 2 diabetes in children as detected by urine glucose screening in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(8):1876-1881.

Wei JN, Chuang LM, Lin CC, Chiang CC, Lin RS, Sung FC. Childhooddiabetes identified in mass urine screening program in Taiwan, 1993-1999. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003;59(3):201-206.